ABSTRACT
Objectives To investigate the effects of low level of ambient NO2 on the death of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Enshi city and to identify sensitive population, so as to provide a scientific basis for formulating health policies. Methods The data of air pollutants, meteorological factors and death of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Enshi city from 2015 to 2018 were collected. The generalized additive model based on Poisson distribution was used to analyze the effects of low ambient NO2 level on the death risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Enshi city. A subgroup analysis was performed on age, gender, and season. Results The average concentrations of major gaseous air pollutants in Enshi city from 2015 to 2018 were NO2 (21.40 μg/m3), SO2 (9.68 μg/m3), CO (0.88 mg/m3), and O3 (61.21 μg/m3), respectively, all of which did not exceed the national secondary standard. The results of single pollutant model analysis showed that each 1 μg/m3 increase in NO2 concentration in lag0 day was associated with a 0.33% increase (95% CI: 0.06 - 0.72) (P>0.05) in mortality risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In the female population, each 1 μg/m3 increase in NO2 concentration in lag01 day was associated with a 0.92% increase (95% CI: 0.26 - 1.56) (P2 concentration in lag0 day was associated with a 0.62% increase (95% CI: 0.12 - 1.12) (P2, CO or O3), the effect of NO2 on the mortality risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in women and the whole population in cold season still existed. Conclusion The low ambient level of NO2 in Enshi city was significantly associated with increased mortality risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in female population as well as in cold seasons in the whole population. Attention should be paid to the health protection of special populations in areas with low ambient pollution level of NO2 in special seasons.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the basic characteristics and variation trend of death causes of permanent residents in Enshi City during 2013-2018, to assess the burden of different diseases, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating disease prevention and control strategies. Methods The death monitoring data of permanent residents in Enshi City, Hubei Province from 2013 to 2018 was collected. The crude mortality, standardized mortality, life expectancy, potential years of life loss (PYLL), standard potential years of life loss (SPYLL), average years of life lost (AYLL), and annual percentage change (APC) were calculated to describe the distribution and trend of death causes. Results The average annual crude death rate and standardized death rate of residents in Enshi City from 2013 to 2018 were 679.43 per 100 000 and 615.02 per 100 000, respectively. The top 5 causes of death were circulatory system diseases, respiratory system diseases, malignant tumors, injuries, and digestive system diseases, accounting for 91.2% of the total deaths. Analysis of life expectancy found that the average life expectancy of local residents from 2013 to 2018 was 78.02 years, and the value in the male group (75.57 years) was lower than that in the female group (80.78 years). Life loss analysis revealed that PYLL caused by various diseases was 171 620 person-years, SPYLL was 171 284.62 person-years, and AYLL was 15.03 years/person in Enshi City from 2013 to 2018. Among all the death causes, the top five in terms of life loss were injuries, malignant tumors, circulatory diseases, respiratory diseases and digestive diseases. Conclusion From 2013 to 2018, the death rate of residents in Enshi City was relatively higher compared with those in other cities in China, the average annual crude death rate was on the rise, and the average annual standardized death rate was on the decline, indicating a highly ageing region. Chronic diseases such as circulatory system diseases, malignant tumors, and respiratory diseases, as well as injuries were the main death causes and caused a heavy burden of diseases, which should be the focus of future prevention and control work. Considering the higher levels of death and life loss indicators of male residents than those of women, targeted prevention and control measures should be taken to narrow the gap between men and women and improve the overall life quality of the whole population.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Facial nerve defect seriously impacts the mental and physical health of patients as well as their quality of life. Pediceled neck muscle transplant and autologous nerve transplant have been used in clinical to repair facial nerve defect and restore the facial muscle function. However,there are disadvantages and limits of above methods which have restricted their wide application of them. It is a research hotspot for looking for a new material to repair facial nerve defect.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of autologous degenerative skeletal muscle to repair facial nerve defect and provide theoretic basis for further improving the functions of facial nerve.DESIGN: Randomized controlled study based on animals.SETTING: Anatomy department and neurological department in a medical college.MATERIALS: The experiment was completed in the Neuro-histochemical Teaching Section of Xianning Medical College from April to September 2002. Twenty-two Japanese big ear rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups: 8 in group A to conduct autologous degenerative skeletal muscle transplant, 8 in group B to conduct autologous nerve transplant and 6 in group C as normal control.METHODS: Animal model was built by make 8 mm defect of zygomatic branch of left facial nerve in 22 rabbits. Electrophysiological examination and morphologic observation were conducted to the zygomatic branch of facial nerve and the muscle it controlled to rabbits after 20 weeks.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Electrophysiological examination results and morphologic observation of each group.RESULTS: Electrophysiological examination: Neural stem action potential (NAP), compound facial muscles action potential(cMAP) and nerve conduction velocity(NCV) were compared between groups. There was no difference between group A and B( P ＞ 0.05) while significant difference existed between group A and C, B and C ( P ＜ 0.05) . Morphological image analysis:number of nerve fibers was 2 559 ± 1 683 in group A, 2 658 ± 1 295 in group B and 3 253 ± 1 564 in group C. Diameter of nerve fiber was(4. 01 ± 0. 88) μm,(4. 26 ±0.77) μm, (4.98 ± 0. 72) μm for the three groups, respectively.Average density of regenerated nerve fiber: was(220 ±30) /0. 013 89 mm2,(233 ±32) /0. 0138 9 mm2, (315 ±27)/0. 013 89 mm2, respectively. When comparing the above parameters between groups, there was no difference between group A and B( P ＞ 0. 05), while there was significant difference between group A and C, B and C ( P ＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION: Autologous degenerative skeletal muscle can effectively induce and stimulate the regeneration of nerve and repair the facial nerve defect with the equivalent effects of autologous nerve transplant.